In: Social Issues
...Gender, Sexuality, and religious identity * Gender - what society expect male and female bodies to be doing (jobs, relationship, etc are appropriate) * Are culture with should nurture and men shouldn’t be very emotional * Sex is the biological features which distinctly separates males and females * In some cultures there are more than 2 sexes * In western cultures we like procreation * Sexuality – has do with your sex and gender and how you interact with others * Why does Christianity tie so closely to heterosexual relationships? The Jewish people didn’t let others join their religion so the only way they were going to increase the population is by having their own kids with a women. Men need to trust themselves as to who their offspring is and women can only have kids with one man * Homosexuals were not accepted * Masturbation was not accepted * You could not pull out while having sex * All of this was the worry of wasting the mans seed * Christians basically took this idea from Judaism * The fact that our sexuality is an identity is a modern thing * World religions are religions have a patriotically system and heterosexual system * EG. In catholic churches the priest are called “father”, and God is called the “holy father” * Mainstream – supports patriotically system * Marginal – does not support it * Confirmatory – those who accept the social systems around * Challenging – challenge social......
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...Gender gender is a range of physical, mental, and behavioral characteristics distinguishing between masculinity and femininity.[1][2][3] Depending on the context, the term may refer to sex (i.e. the state of being male or female), social roles (as in gender roles), or gender identity.[1][2][3][4] Gender studies is a branch of the social sciences. Sexologist John Money introduced the terminological distinction between biological sex and gender as a role in 1955. Before his work, it was uncommon to use the word "gender" to refer to anything but grammatical categories.[1][2] However, Money's meaning of the word did not become widespread until the 1970s, when feminist theory embraced the distinction between biological sex and the social construct of gender. Today, the distinction is strictly followed in some contexts, especially the social sciences[5][6] and documents written by the World Health Organization (WHO).[4] In contrast, for many contexts, including some areas of social sciences, the meaning of gender has expanded to include "sex" or even to replace the latter word.[1][2] Although this gradual change in the meaning of gender can be traced to the 1980s, a small acceleration of the process in the scientific literature was observed when the Food and Drug Administration started to use "gender" instead of "sex" in 1993.[7] "Gender" is now commonly used even to refer to the physiology of non-human animals, without any implication of social gender roles.[2] In the English...
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...Langford, W. (1997), “But he said he loved me” in “GENDER” (Jackson et al 2004) is the writing I will review in this section. Langford’s (Jackson et al 2004) study “But he said he loved me” was formulated with findings from fifteen in-depth interviews of women who are in a relationships. Langford argued that in the beginning of a relationship men are supportive and caring towards their partners but as the relationship progresses and gets older with the passage of time, men begin to distance themselves from their partners. The duty to protect mutual intimacy fell on women by default. As the relationship progressed it moved away from the aspects of love and caring more towards the fulfilment of physical needs of men. In such situations men resorted to an indomitable desire to objectify women as a tool to fulfil their sexual needs. Langford in her study argued that in the institution of marriage, gender inequality also exists through dominance of the normative heterosexuality. By gender inequality Langford means that a relationship is a combination of two individual people but in institution of marriage men dominate while women suffer. Langford (Jackson et al 2004) in her study brings Hegel’s ‘master/slave dialectic’ (P.230) where she compared the husband – wife relationship to that of master and slave. In Langford’s study she mentioned that in marriage men assume the position of masterwhile women are by default slave and hence women are compelled to do certain things to......
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...ABSTRACT Self-concept is a person’s understanding of who he or she is in terms of personality ,appearance, personal traits e.g. gender and size. Self-esteem refers to person’s evaluation of his or her own worth ,either in specifics such as intelligence ,attractiveness etc. Unrealistic high levels of esteem may decline or lower achievement and at times lead to aggression at various levels of development. At school extracurricular activities has been seen to promote realistic self-esteem while friendship improves self-concept. Self-esteem as a social construction is considered a positive trait in various parts of the world including US while some nations tend to discourage it. Self-concept as a factor of self-esteem changes with time. Many researches have been done trying to identify relationship and effects of self-esteem/self-concept on various components. Some of the researches include; evaluating association between shyness, self-esteem and relationship satisfaction. Effects of self-esteem & self-concept on academic and aggression., influence of esteem on emotional health. The research has also been trying to identify whether gender has significant influence on various components of which the difference appears to be minimal. Darja, K., & Ronalta, G. (2011). Gender difference in self-concept and self-esteem component. New York: ACARDEMIC SEARCH COMPLETE. In the article the author (Darja and Ronalta ) use ......
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...Gender Identity Every sexual thought, attraction,preference, development, feeling, memory, fantasy, and choice stem from complex brain activity. A complex genetic code determines body type; but that type does not always dictate sexual identity. Sexual identity is an even more complex development that encompasses hormone levels, social learning, individual perception, and attraction. Humans are born genetically male or female; but that does not necessarily control which sexual identity the individual will discover. Planned Parenthood (2012) defines gender identity as how a person feels about and expresses his or her gender; despite genetic or natural gender assignment. Some humans are genetically male or female and identify with the traditional gender roles; but others may find that the traditional cultural norms do not match their feelings or thoughts. Sexual identity is the sexual part of human expression that does not include ideas like sexual orientation, sexual preference, physical gender, or body type. If an individual considers his or her gender as female and is at ease with referring to his or her individual sexual characteristics in feminine terms, his or her gender identity is female. Gender identity has nothing to do with the physical characteristics of gender; but focuses on how the individual thinks (either masculine or feminine) and how he or she expresses those feelings. Ghosh (2012) explains gender identity as “self-identified, as a result of a......
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...Unit 3: Gender Scavenger Hunt EDP 310: Gender Development 1) 1) Interview 4-5 females and 4-5 males (they can be friends or strangers). Ask each of them to think of adjectives that describe/symbolize men, and adjectives that describe/symbolize women. For each person you interview, list the first 4 words they think of for each gender. Keep a running list of the words (even if words are used multiple times). Bad language can be an issue here. If you feel uncomfortable with certain words, you do not have to list them, although you can count the number of inappropriate words that are used to describe each gender vs. more appropriate words. You can also count the number of positive words said vs. more derogatory words. Answer: When reading over the selections for this assignment I decided to pick option four. I found this assignment interactive and interesting. Seeing what the opposite sex think about each other. I interviewed eight people in total. Men: Andrew: He described women as: seductive, adorable, alluring, beautiful. He described men as: Tough, headstrong, rude, and egocentric. Joey: Joey was very harsh on describing women: Dumb, airheaded, blond, whores, and psychotic. He described men as: Sensitive, players, enticing and fuzzy. Hayden: Hayden likes men so his description on males were different then the two others: Smooth, velvety soft, warm, delicious. Description on girls: Ugly, stupid, mean, hurtful. Michael: Description on......
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... Gender What is male? What is female? The answers to these questions may depend on the types of gender roles one was exposed to as a child. Gender roles can be defined as the behaviors and attitudes expected of male and female members of a society by that society. Gender roles vary. Different cultures impose different expectations upon the men and women who live in that culture. The United States has experienced tremendous upheaval and revising of its traditional gender roles in the last generation. These changes in gender roles affect the home, the workplace, and the school, and they affect all Americans to some degree. Over the past few decades, Americans have made great strides in accepting and adjusting to new definitions of gender roles. Part of the cause is the increased number of women in the workplace. With the increased presence of women in the workplace, old attitudes and behaviors have had to change. Men and women are more aware of sexual harassment than previously; whereas 20 years ago a woman who refused to have an affair with her boss may have had to quit, she now has other options. Companies are now experimenting with policies that are family-friendly, such as flex time, job sharing, and on-site child care policies that benefit both men and women. In addition, women still earn far less money than men do for the same work, even though their salaries are vital to maintaining their families' economic health. A person's sexuality comes from within him or her,......
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...* The word Gender, as a grammatical term has been around since the 14th century, according to Oxford dictionary as “referring to classes of noun designated as masculine, feminine, or neuter.” Gender is more commonly used now in the 21st century to describe a person’s identity. Sex is another word that is commonly used when describing gender, it is ‘the state of being male or female’. Sex is the biological difference, where as gender is to cultural or social differences. Sex could also be defined as evolution, our genetics. Where as gender, which is our nurture, our life experiences, which help us shape who we are as an individual. Sociologists argue that the relationship between sex and gender is absolutely arbitrary – there is no causative connection between sex and gender – sex doesn’t determine the type of roles you can engage in society. We announce our identities by the way that we dress, walk, talk, act etc. We convince other people that we’re the gendered person that we’re presenting ourselves to be, a product of interactions. With ones sex being defined as male or female, there are bodies that can’t be categorized under these two sexes. Hermaphrodites, now more commonly known as intersex, are becoming a commonly known and used term in society with 17 in every 1000 babies having some kind of intersex condition. Gender is only one of the fundamental principles in organisation of social life, in particular in structural organisations of; childhood, sports, media and......
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...and cooking, for example, are related to domestic work and are therefore considered a form of feminised labour. However, because domestic work remains ignored in national Gross Domestic Product, the majority this type of work continues to be perceived as unproductive and devalued (GEN14 2013, p. 17). The gender ideology at play within the workplace not only pulls women into certain types of low paid, devalued work, but also pushes them away from other less traditional types of work. Even when they are better educated, women remain significantly under-represented in the engineering and manufacturing industries and over-represented in beauty therapy and health care (GEN14 2013, p. 20). In 2012, for example, women made up 77% of workers in service industries compared with 26% of the manufacturing industry (ABS 2012). Here, the segregation of labour reproduces women as women as ‘nurturing and caring, as less ambitious, with less drive and less likely to be involved in technological and mechanical work’(GEN14 2013, p. 20). Notions of traditional gender roles create, reinforce, and perpetuate unequal access to jobs therefore making the workplace highly gender-segregated and gender-stratified institution....
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...United Nations Development Programme SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ELIMINATION DIVISION WP 5 GENDER AND POVERTY* Nilüfer Cagatay May 1998 WORKING PAPER SERIES *The responsibility for opinions in these articles, studies and other contributions in this series rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the United Nations Development Programme or the institutions of the United Nations system. Table Of Contents Introduction I. Women And Poverty: Are Women Poorer? II. From Women and Poverty to Gender and Poverty A. Engendering Poverty Analysis B. New Conceptualizations of Poverty C. From Consumption/Income Poverty to Human Poverty D. Are Women Poorer?: Revisiting the Question from a Human Poverty Perspective E. Assessing Gender Differences in Poverty: Quantitative versus Qualitative Approaches F. Do Gender Inequalities Increase Overall Poverty? III. What Is To Be Done? What Is Being Done? A. Gender Mainstreaming at UNDP B. Engendering Anti-Poverty Projects and Programmes Figures Figure 1: A Pyramid of Poverty Concepts Boxes Box 1: Chile: Targeting Female Headship for Combating Poverty Box 2: Gender and Poverty in Guinea: Human Poverty versus Consumption Poverty and Participatory Approach to Poverty Assessment Box 3: South Asia Poverty Alleviation Program (SAPAP): The Case of India Social Mobilization through Self-Help Groups 1 “The causes and outcomes of poverty are......
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...1. Gender refers to the socially learned attitudes and behaviors associated with biological differences. Gender determines the expression of masculinity and femininity. People reinforce those gender expressions through social interaction. Social and culture shape gender roles and what is considered appropriate behavior for a “man” and “women”. For example, men are expected to be a leader and protector for family while women focus on home such as taking care of the house, cooking, raising children, being emotionally supportive of the husband. 2. Feminism is the belief in social, economic, and political equality for women. The first wave was the fight for women’s rights for legal and political equality. This effort of women led to the passage of women’s right to vote in 1920. The second wave focused on social and cultural inequalities. The book “Feminine Mystique” by Betty Freidan argues women were unhappy because of the feminine mystique. This was a damaging ideal of femininity and it restricted women to the role of housewife and mother, giving up on work and education. Feminists fought to provide opportunities and to ensure that women would have a choice in areas such as education, working, relationships or marriage, and control of their reproductive rights. The third wave reacted to the second wave. The third-wave feminists tended to be more global and multicultural, and its ideas beyond middle class, white women, addressing the different disadvantages women experience......
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...of the job. 3. Reasonable Accommodation – If the individual cannot perform the job as currently structured, the employer is required to make a “reasonable accommodation,” unless doing so would present an “undue hardship.” 4. Traditional Employer Defenses – ADA complaints are flooding the EEOC and the courts. However, 96% of federal court decisions in a recent year were for the employer. 5. The “New” ADA – In 2008 amendments were made to the ADA. These changes will make it easier for employees to show their disabilities are limiting. C. Uniformed Service Employment and Reemployment Rights Act D. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 - The law prohibits discrimination by health insurers and employers based on people’s genetic information. Specifically, it prohibits the intentional acquisition of genetic information about applicants and employees, and imposes strict confidentiality requirements. E. State and Local EEO Laws - Typically, such laws further restrict employers’ treatment of job applicants and employees, especially those not covered by federal legislation. State and local equal employment opportunities agencies play a role in the equal employment compliance process. F. Religious and Other Types of Discrimination - Religious discrimination involves treating someone unfavorably because of his or her religious beliefs. The law protects not only people who belong to traditional organized......
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...Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Stephanie Seguino Professor, Department of Economics Old Mill 340 University of Vermont Burlington, VT 05401 Tel. 1 802 656-0187 Fax 1 802 656-8405 Email sseguino@zoo.uvm.edu July 2008 Acknowledgements: I am grateful for helpful comments and insights from Rhoda Reddock, Christine Barrow, Caren Grown, three anonymous referees, and participants at the Building Capacity for Gender Analysis in Policy Making, Programme Development, and Implementation: Research Seminar and Workshop, University of West Indies, Barbados, November 2007. Micro-Macro Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Abstract Over the last two decades, scholars have investigated the two-way relationship between gender inequality on the one hand, and economic development and growth on the other. Research in this area offers new ways to address the economic stagnation and crisis developing countries have experienced over the last two decades. This paper contributes to that literature, exploring the channels by which gender inequality affects, and in important ways, constrains economic development and growth in the Caribbean region. It further explores the endogeneity of gender inequality to the macroeconomic policy environment. The paper concludes with a discussion of economic policies that can promote a win-win outcome—greater gender equality......
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...EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY How can we increase the likelihood of women benefiting equally from development activities? What strategies have proven to be effective in the field? This tipsheet summarises strategies which have worked in practice, based on findings from a review of 85 evaluations undertaken by bilateral and multilateral agencies from 1999 to 2002. There was a great deal of consistency in evaluation reports about the most effective strategies for addressing gender equality issues, regardless of the type of assistance, the donor agency, the partner country or sector. Findings from the review also support anecdotal evidence about how to promote gender equality in development programming. Involve stakeholders from civil society in dialogue on objectives and activities. National machineries for women, local women’s organisations, NGOs and other local advocates for women’s rights can play a key role in setting directions for country strategies and in activity design. They can hold institutions accountable for addressing gaps between commitments and practice. Make long-term commitments to partners and activities. This is essential for sustainable progress towards gender equality at both macro and micro levels. Discuss gender equality with partner countries Dialogue to develop partnerships on gender equality is needed when agencies are developing country assistance strategies, and also at the activity level during design and implementation.......
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...world community to focus attention on areas of critical concern for women worldwide concerns that stem from social problems embracing both men and women, and that require solutions affecting both genders. One of the main objectives of the Conference is to adopt a platform for action, concentrating on some of the key areas identified as obstacles to the advancement of women. UNRISDs work in preparation for the Fourth World Conference on Women focuses on two of the themes highlighted by the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women: 2 inequality in women’s access to and participation in the definition of economic structures and policies and the productive process itself; and 2 insufficient institutional mechanisms to promote the advancement of women. The Institutes Occasional Paper series for Beijing reflects work carried out under the UNRISD/UNDP project, Technical Co-operation and Women’s Lives: Integrating Gender into Development Policy. The activities of the project include an assessment of efforts by a selected number of donor agencies and governments to integrate gender issues into their activities; the action-oriented part of the project involves pilot studies in Bangladesh, Jamaica, Morocco, Uganda and Viet Nam, the goal of which is to initiate a policy dialogue between gender researchers, policy makers and activists aimed at making economic policies and productive processes more accountable to women. This paper, the first in the series, provides an introduction......
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